Cubism

This movement started in 1908 and lasted in the 1914 which started in the city of Paris at around 1907. Cubism started from to artists who are Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, and they refused the traditional way of painting by refusing single view point. They changed it to an analytical system and this system involves in three dimensional subjects as they had different viewpoints instead of a single point. The movement was released to represent a new of into the world and change for the outside influences like for example the Africa art or new theories of reality like Einstein’s Theory of Relativity. The Cubism have to ways which hare the analytical way (1907-12), and another way the synthetic way (1913 through the 1920s). The first way shows not what the eye sees the object but what the mind is seeing. The other way shows a simple and composed with bright colours.

Cubism its movement has challenged the modern world and to progress further. At the time of 1870-1910 a lot of technology has becoming to be introduced and progress further as photography got invented, cinematography, sound recording, the telephone, the motor car and the airplane. The artists of this movement came up of a way to progress by showing a new way of art and to replace the photography. The artist in this movement wanted to revive the western art. The Cubism tried to revolutionize Europe and be inspired b their movements from music, literature and architecture. Cubism is known for the most influential art movements in 20th century. Then after Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso other artist joined which are Andre Lhote, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand Léger and Juan Gris. The cubism got spread out all across the world and then evolved to more great extent. Many important movements goot influenced from cubism like  Futurism, Suprematism, Dada, Constructivism, De Stijl and Art Deco. The early futurism paintings are very common to those of cubism as they interact with past and present which shows different features of the picture at the same time which you can call it as multiple perspective or multiplicity on the other hand constructivism Picasso technique got influenced by him while constructing sculptures on different elements. Other common influences are the faceting or simplification of the geometric form and the involvement of the mechanical era and the modern life.

The most extreme and the very font of cubism was not those who made Picasso and braque but others like Frantisek Kupka and those who are considered by orphists by Apollinaire. The Cubism of Picasso and Braque and Gris they had more that distinct attitudes for the salon cubists that produced different type of cubism instead of that.

The Cubism and modern European art was the nintroduced into united states at a legendary shows called armory shows in new York city. Then to Chicago and boston. Picasso there has exbibted a lot of art like the La Femme au pot de moutarde (1910)

Surrealism

 Surrealism movement began in 1926 and lasted till 1966 and it was introduced in France. Surrealism was influenced from the Dada movement as it was in the same rebellious state against the middle-class complacency. The Surrealist movement its foundation was a group which came from the Dada movement. Then this group has left the Dada movement the moment when the collapse of Dada happened in Paris. The one who started this movement was the poet and a writer Andre Breton. He founded this movements officially in the 1924 with introduction of the first surrealism ‘Surreal Manifesto’ as he used psychoanalytic methods by Sigmund Freuds. Artists were very fond and influenced from the Surrealism of Freud which in particular when the released the book, The Interpretation of Dreams (1899).

 Breton marked Freud as the ‘Pope’ of Surrealism when he writes the book ‘Surreal Manifesto. The Surrealism the term used was in the 1917 by Guillaume Apollinaire

The point of Surrealism movement is to merge the reality with that of the subconscious in the mind which then created the Surrealist. The firstly artist which was quite influenced by this movement was Giorgio de Chirico which he illustrates quite a bizarre image with unnormal juxtapositions. These illustrations can be seen by different artists which they used in the recent past like for example primitivism, the naïve, or fantastical imagery, such as Gustave Moreau, Arnold Bocklin, Odilon Redon, and Henri Rousseau.

Another artist which was also influenced by Karl Marx and he believed that revelation can be found in everyday in the street. Surrealism influenced also the film industry as it was the first movement to experiment in the cinema as it showed to have more opportunity there comparing it to the theatre to create something unreal. The first film influenced by Surrealism happened in the 1924 Entr’acte, a 22-minute, silent film, which was written Rene Clair and Francis Picabia, and directed by Clair.

Then by the time pass in the movement abstract Expressionism got introduced in 1936 in an exhibition entitled Fantastic Art which was held in the Museaum of Modern Art in New York, Dada, Surrealism, and many other artists from united states. The Surrealists was quite popular with man and their illustrations as they potrayed woman quite often as wild or others.

The Accommodations of Desire (1929)

Artists: Salvador Dalí

This illustration by Dali was painted by Dali in summer after he went to Paris to create his first exhibition.

Harlequin’s Carnival (1924)

Artist: Joan Miro

Mama, Papa is Wounded! (1927)

Artist: Yves Tanguy

Artists which are related

The Eye Like a Strange Balloon Mounts Toward Infinity from the series Edgar A. Poe (1882)

Artist: Odilon Redon

Important Artists

1.       André Breton

2.       Hans Arp

3.       Max Ernst

4.       Salvador Dalí

5.       Alberto Giacometti

6.       Joan Miró

7.       Rene Magritte

8.       Man Ray

9.       Yves Tanguy

10.   Leonora Carrington

11.   Pablo Picasso

12.   Meret Oppenheim

13.   Hans Richter

14.   Hans Bellmer

15.   Luis Bunuel

16.   Claude Cahun

17.   André Masson

Influences that Surrealism on nowadays graphic design still lives till now. Surrealism live in Anime, Mangas, Book, films. This movement made a big impact on many things like art, literature, culture and keeps going into politics. Surrealism is still growing and the graphic designers of nowadays get influenced by this movement to create their own styles and share ideas.

De Stijl

De Stijl movement began in 1917 till 1931 and it was born in the Netherlands. This movement had that abstract art with visual elements like geometric shapes infused with primary colours. De Stijl movement it’s artist envisioned it as a visual language that can be understood by everyone as its more compatible with the modern era which was time for a new spiritualist world. 2 important painter which contributed to this movement where Theo van Doesburg and Piet Mondrian. Important designers that were influenced in this movement Theo Van Doeburg, Piet Mondrian, vilmos Huszar, Bart van der leck , Gerrit Rievteld, Robert van Hoff.

This movement inserted the fundamentals in were geometry in straight lines, square and rectangles. The name of the movement De Stijl was taken from Gottfried Sempers. De stijl movement shows the simple designs but abstract when it come in architecture and painting as it uses a lot of straight horizontal lines and vertical lines and rectangular forms. There palette of colours that usually use in this movement were red, yellow and blue and the three primary colours, black white and grey which was a bit limited. In many designs of artists, they put lines which are vertical and horizontal but how they are placed are sort in layers which they never intersect each other. An example of this can be seen in Rietvel Schroder House and the Red and Blue Chair.

The foundation De Stijl began by a meeting between artists who after sometime they created this movement. After the 1920s the group started to change as other influences began to get in. Some of these influences were from the Russian constructivism and the Bauhaus movement but not all members in the group has agreed on this. Then after that Doesburg introduced the elementarism Mondrian has left the group.

When it comes to Music De Stijl was only focused on the influence of the composer Jakob Van Domselaer. This composer has influenced a lot the paintings and illustrations of Mondrian. This composer even if he influenced art work in de Stijl movement but he is still quite unknown and still he didn’t have any important role in the movement.

This movment was influenced by the important movement Cubism illustrations and their ideas where it come to geometric forms like a when doing a perfect straight line. Another influence that De Stijl got was from the Neopositivism. This movement also influenced other movements which were the Bauhaus style and the international style in architecture and the clothing and interior design. A thing that you can notice that this movement didn’t inherit the same guide of “ism” like for example Cubism, Futurism, Surrealism) and even it doesn’t meet the principles of any art school like other movements for example like Bauhaus.

Composition A (1920)

Artist: Piet Mondrian

This illustration by Mondrian is the best example to show geometric and horizontal lines and vertical lines and that abstraction.

Mechano-Dancer (1922)

Artist: Vilmos Huszar 
This illustration is the very firstly of Huszar you can see clearly the geometric shapes with a lot of vertical and diagonal long line. 

 

Constructivism

As a modern art movements Constructivism is one that left a lot of influential culture in Russia which happened in the 20th century. In 1917 which was the year of revolution as at that moment the Russian artists were beginning to have hope and new ideas again. These artists were in favour of revolution and wanted to contribute to reach those goals they wanted. This movement got influenced from many important movements like Cubism, Suprematism and Futurism but the core of the movement is entirely a new way than other movements. Constructivism used a lot of modern materials as they researched to bring new ideas into the movement so it be used as a huge production and serve the modern style and the community. 

This movements its ideals were to change the location of the artist from his studio works to a factory. These artists were pushing their beliefs of the movements to Europe so they can make a big impact there. Others meanwhile were on think brink of creating another movement which was the Productivism and this movement involved artists working in a factory instead working in their studio. By the mid 1920's Russian Consructivism was already failing to adept as it was a victim of Bolshevik. Just because it happened these problems in Russia in the west part example Germany in the same period was still a big important movement there as artists were very inspired by this movement as they even renamed it as International Constructivism and it kept going to the 1950s.

This art movement tried to insert new ideas like replacing traditional art with more focus where it comes to construction. This art movement isn’t one which influence any beauty into art but instead representing the research of materials and converts them into art. The artists which followed this movement used to say “truth to materials” and it means that they believed that materials should be use on certain situations in a way that shows it’s uses that can be in its limits. Their objective was to show how materials to be used and what is different between materials. The achievements of constructivism were to give that modern style with dynamism with a lot of qualities. It was very important for the Constructivism to give that new form of art which can be democratic and revolutionise the Russian goals. The constructivist their objective is to give a new society and give answer to any modern problems.

Corner Counter-Relief (1914)

Artist: Vladimir Tatlin

This piece of art work of Tatlin shows an old-fashioned form which shows a bit that religious icon in Russian household.

Design for the Monument to the Third International (1919-1920)

Artist: Vladimir Tatlin

This monument by Vladimir is the tallest structure in the world in that period of time and it was more functional and because of these traits it makes this monument more beautiful from the Eiffel Tower.

Influences left by this movement are still active till now and you can see it n many things like objects that are being build right now as helping constantly the nowadays society problems. 

Dada

The dada movement have influenced many graphic designers which we can see it up until now. This movement began into action was in 1916 in Zurich, Switzerland. The leader of this movement was Hugo Ball and Emmy Heninings in a Tavern. To attract artists in joining this movement  it was required to help artist to teach and practice the movement. This movements had a lot of influential design and it consists of musical performance and reading to reflect the art work.

This movement was influenced from many important movements which by them was created this movements like for example Cubism, Futurism, Constructivism, and expressionism. This movements influenced a lot of different cultures in art, poetry, photography, sculpture, painting, collage. When Surrealism began the movement was like abandoned, but ideas start to came along which gave life to the movement as it came very important in various modern and contemporary art. The dada movement was the first movement which its focus wasn't how crafty and how pleasing an object can be but instead its more on the problems of the society and what is the purpose of art. There was a bit of turmoil as some of them were in favour on opposing bourgeois culture but some of them weren't in favour. The group was born in Cabaret Voltaire in Zurich and the name Cabaret was taken from a french satirist, Voltaire which he did a Novella and it was about the ignorance of his society so he make these novella to make fun of them. One of the founder of the group Hugo ball who he created the Dada and Cabaret said "This our Candide against the times"

An artist named Hans Arp wanted to incorporate chance and infuse it with the creation of art. In this way the traditional production of art was going against it. Thank to this incorporation the dadaist can challenge more their artistic view. The Dada movement their artists are know for their work in ready-made objects like everyday objects and they get sold or shown into art presentations and reflects on the artist a bit of manipulation by the artist. 
Important artists that were in the dada movements like Francis Picabia, Hugo ball, Hans Arp, Marcel Duchamp, Hannah Hoch, Raoul Hausmann, Max Ernst. 

Ici, C'est Stieglitz (Here, This is Stieglitz) (1915)
Artist: Francis Picabia
This french artist created this drawing is one in the mechanism series which worked a lot in the Dada movement.

Reciting the Sound Poem "Karawane" (1916)

Artist: Hugo Ball

This strange costume for a sound poem which is "Karawne". The purpose of the costume was to increase distance from the audience.

The influences that the Dada movement left on everyday life you can see clearly as a lot of people express their artistic competence and try to humiliate the once that are in power in nowadays society and it's happening quite often which with the power of the media it's quite powerful to use any artistic work like billboards. The Dada movement will never stop influencing cultures as at any time can show the idiocy of the society. 

Bauhaus

The Bauhaus movement began in 1919 to 1933 which at that time period there was another important movements which was the Art Deco Movement. The word Bauhaus is a German word which in other words means "House of Building". A school in Germany was build in 1919 in Weimar, Germany and was done by the architect Walter Gropius but unfortunately the school was shut downed by the Nazi. The school is remembered for its faculty as there many important artists which attended in this school like Wassily kandinsky, Josef Albers, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, Paul Klee, and Jahannes Itten. As architects Walter Gropius and Ludwig Miesvan der Rohe, and designer Marcel Breuer. 

That school was very important for the Bauhaus movement as that art school was very influential as a modernist style in the 20th century. After that the school was closed the impact on the bauhaus movement had a large impact on Europe and United States because of the teaching, understanding, art's relationship to society and technology. In Germany at the 19th century and 20 century there was the Arts and Crafts movement which art schools opened to connect the arts with manufacturing so education can reform. Several new schools of art opened all over Germany and from the schools that opened 2 of them Bauhaus movement began to take form. The bauhaus movement its concept in its movement is designs with straight lines and squares, not like art nouvaue that has those curly and more of that stylish design.  

Gropius the architect has visualised the bauhaus influencing all artistic media which include fine arts, industrial design, graphic design, typography, interior design and architecture. In the 19 century Bauhaus creation gave many reasons and motivation as there were fear about the art's purpose because of the manufacturing and the products that were need to be done in high quantity. The Bauhau it is a very important movement as it tried to connect again the manufacturing and the sense of creativity. The Bauhaus has rejuvenated the design as they also freed the ethos in the old academic tradition in fine art. The Fine art and craft were once again united which there was an important goal  so the problem for modern industrial society. Thanks to the Bauhaus movement improve the hierarchy in arts, as doing crafts and mix with fine arts and level them like sculpture and paintings. Bauhaus it proves quite clearly that it's quite influential because it connects with educational and it move on to from fine arts changed to visual arts.  Important artists: Walter Gropius, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, Josef Albers, Marcel Breue, Lyonel Feininger, Anni Albers, Gerhard Marcks, Naum Gabo, Oskar Schlemmer, Joost Schmidt, Georg Muche,
Johannes Itten. 

Important Artworks

Bauhaus building in Dessau, Germany (1919-1925)

Artist: Walter Gropius

This complex that was done by Gropius at Dessau was an important mark in modern style as a functionalist design. 

Club Chair (Model B3) (The Wassily Chair) (1925)

Artist: Marcel Breuer

The smooth design and very original in the use of material in the "The Wassily Chair" and that is how the Bauhaus became famous. 

Universal Bayer (1925)

Artist: Herbert Bayer

This poster will influence to modern designs and style. This poster shows the geometric allover the world. 

Influences art work
- Barcelona Pavilion 
This piece of art work was done by the designer Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe. He was a german  pavilion and happened in the 1929 International Exposition in Barcelona, Spain. 

Art Deco

The Art Deco Movement was first introduced in the 1910 and lasted till 1939. This movements was released in the beautiful city of Paris which influenced many things like architecture and culture as one. The art deco movement was used on architecture, paintings, and sculpturing to graphic and art which is decorative. Many important artists got popular by this influential movement like artists, architects, and designers which they were the top protagonists in the process of the Art Nouveau style. 

The Art deco movement was developed by  innovators in Paris which they formed a group and an organisation which they gave the name of "The Society of Decorative Artists". The founder and leader of this organisation was Hector Guidmard. This group members was comprised of many popular designers in the Art Nouveau-style and print-maker. The designers who practise this movement gave knowledge to modernist influences like cubism, De Stijl, and futurism. The Artist wanted that sense of change so the Art Deco was born. Art deco consists of symmetrical, geometrical, streamlines, some time simple illustrations and satisfaction to the eye. 

Art Deco is a movement which is similar to the Art Nouveau as they were happening at the same time section. TheArt Deco movement is a modern style as it incorporates functional objects with that artistic touch. This movements is different from fine arts movements as it does not have any particular purpose. The art deco is used very much as a mass production manufacturing like for example clocks, ashtrays, cars, buildings and much more. The Bauhaus movement was also taking part in industrial manufacturing, but it was completely the opposite of art deco as it stopped from any artistic embellishments. This movement got ethos influences from the Art Nouveau and arts and crafts style which as you can see it got many influences from art nouveau this movement. This movements focuses  on that unique and have originality when it come to handmade objects with style and organic physical forms. Art Deco is a plain and simple style but it deliver a high quality job. Art Deco movement in america version was a streamline modern and it is a smooth and more open than that in European art deco style. The american version got popular and large as it is considered as to have a very important arts in Art Deco like for example: 

-Spirit of the Wind (1925)
Artist: Rene Lalique
This Lalique's sculpture when you see it you will notice immediately that Art Deco style. Lalique's became the American aesthetic  par excellence on the type of style used on this structure.  

État Cabinet (1922)

Artist: Emile-Jacques Ruhlmann

This piece of furniture done by Ruhlmann you can see the simplicity of the design as it has that geometrical and simpleness and the symmetrical border.

 

Pi Volo Apertif Advertisement (1925)

Artist: A.M. Cassandre

The cassandre poster advertisement is considered to be quite an influential poster when it comes to the artists and graphic design in Art Deco style. This poster was done for a french liquor Pi Volo Apertif advertisment in the 1925.

Egyptienne chiming clock (1927)

Artist: Louis Cartier

A British archaeologist his name was Howard Carter when he was excavated a tomb of the pharaoh located in Egypt that happened in 1922 and this news got all over the world so at that moment there was a kraze about egypt becoming an number one agenda in culture, music, films literature. The french man Louis Cartier infuse this Egyptian influence into his works as he use Egyptian material and decorative techniques.

   

The influences that left this movement it include many things. To begin with like Sans serif and modern typefaces. Nowadays posters which are showing type of advertising are quite similar to mathematical and and geometrical grids and lines. Websites are also quite influenced from Art Deco as they have quite a symmetrical layout with a simple design and layout. A website is important to use a simple design with symmetrical layout as it looks satisfied to the eye. 

There are a lot of graphic design art that are influenced by Art Deco like - 

• ‘Timeless’ album cover for Diane Schuur, c.1986

• Album cover for “Cinema Serenade 2: The GoldenAge”, c.1997 

• Star Wars celebration poster, c.2007